117 Yale L.J. 920 (2008).

Counterterrorism officials increasingly seek to scrutinize conduct and behavior that they believe, however uncertainly, to be probative of terrorist activity. When such conduct- based profiling specifically targets activity that is also expressive of Muslim identity, it may inflict pervasive dignitary and stigmatic harms upon the American Muslim community. Those seeking redress from such policies through litigation would find that existing constitutional doctrine does not readily let judges account for group harms when balancing the interests at stake. This Note, however, argues that Muslim plaintiffs can use the Free Exercise Clause doctrine of “hybrid situations,” announced in Employment Division v. Smith, to plead that certain profiles’ burdens upon their religiously motivated exercise of secular constitutional rights threaten to subordinate their religious community as a whole.